Madayipara

 Madayipara is a level topped hillock situated in the Madayi, of Kannur locale of Kerala state in the Southern India. It is sitting above Payangadi town on the northern bank of Kuppam waterway. 

It is mainstream being the site of the Madayi Kavu (Thiruvar Kadu Bhagavathi Temple) of Goddess Kali, Shakthi, the Vadukunnu Temple devoted to Lord Shiva. The Shiva sanctuary of Madayipara was bulldozed by supporters of Tippu Sultan in the eighteenth century. Notwithstanding, presently it has been remade. 

The territory is additionally known for the Malik Ibn Dinar mosque, which is accepted to have been initially worked by Malik Ibn Dinar, a Muslim evangelist. The leftovers of a fortification fabricated likewise is available here, and the part is known as Kottakunnu. 

Spread over a gigantic 700 sections of land, the hillock of Madayipura is considered as quite possibly the most well known Kannur vacationer places. The beautiful laterite level offers special and diversely shaded tints in each season. Visit the hillock in summer and gala your eyes on the beautiful hearty earthy colored and tangerine shades. 

Watch the spot canvassed in a cover of green in downpour witness it becomes blue in spring. Alongside beguiling vistas, the Madayi stronghold of the Vallabha ruler and the Jew lake offer an incredible treat for history buffs. The rich environmental assortment as uncommon types of vegetation and an uncommon assortment of bug eating plants make the level a fascination for herbal science lovers. 

Madayipara is situated in the Madayi town, at scope 12°2' N and longitude 75°16'E, around 21 km north of Kannur town, the region base camp of Kannur region in Kerala. As verified by William Logan (1887) in the Malabar Manual; the stream Kuppam "bowing marginally and passing under the weapons of an old demolished post of the Kolathiris" on the south eastern edge of Madayipara, abruptly turns due south at Payangadi and takes a course corresponding to the ocean to meet the bigger Valapattanam waterway at Matakkara, at long last releasing into the Lakshadweep Sea at Azhikkal. 

The accessible geo-morphological and chronicled information recommend that, till 1450 A.D. this waterway was depleted into the ocean, streaming west from Payangadi as opposed to turning south. On the northwest of Madayipara lie the wetlands of Chembullikundu and Kunhiniangalam shaped by the Ramapuram River, Peruvamba River and Kawayi backwaters. On the west, at the seacoast, is arranged the projection of Ezhimala. The height of the Madayipara goes from at least 40 m to a limit of 47m above ocean level. The southeastern edge of the slope is marginally raised contrasted with the excess territories. As the name recommends, the highest point of this hillock is a laterite plain in excess of 365 ha in zone. The antiquated sanctuary named Vadukunda Shiva sanctuary is situated on the western side of the level. A couple of yards from the sanctuary is an enduring new water lake, of about 1.5 sections of land is a significant fascination . On the northeastern incline of the slope, is arranged the Thiruvarkad Bhagavathi sanctuary (Madayikavu) and its hallowed forest, drawing a great many fans each year. It is a sanctuary of the mother Goddess Kali and has a place with the imperial group of Chirakkal. 

The whole level once had a place with this sanctuary, and surprisingly now the sanctuary celebration is being commended on the tremendous scope of the slope close to the Vadukunda lake and the Kottakunnu particularly during the ten-day-long celebration of 'Pooram' in the period of March. There are leftovers of a fortification accepted to have been involved by the line of Kolathiris and later by Tippu Sultan. The Madayipalli, perhaps the most seasoned mosque in India and accepted to have been inherent A.D. 1124 by Malik lbn Dinar of Arabia, is arranged on the eastern slant of the slope. Another landmark of significance is the "Jew's lake" which shows the presence nearby Jews between 605 BCE and 490 CE. The British rulers had likewise fabricated an explorers cottage in 1793 on the eastern side of the Madayipara, enriched with a rich beautiful magnificence of scenes. 

Biodiversity of Madayipara 

The Madayipara is notable for its rich variety of plants. The amphibian and semi-sea-going plants structure broad rugs of blue, pink, white and yellow during the rainstorm season. It is normal of the Laterite lower regions of the Western Ghats. The region is remarkable for the presence of the absolute most extraordinary plants of the world, for example, Nymphoides krishankesara, Rotala malabarica, Lindernia madayiparense, Eriocaulon madayparense, and so on 

The midland hillocks of northern Kerala have its own trademark botanical creation supporting clean wildernesses and cashew manors on the slope inclines and meadows and related amphibian and semi-sea-going plants on the ridges. Despite the fact that these slopes are presented straightforwardly to the daylight and wind, they harbor rich species variety. Ongoing plant investigations uncovered more augmentations to the known plant types of the territory some of which ended up being new to science, and endemic to the region. The vegetation of the hillocks might be grouped principally into fields and scour wildernesses. The prairies can again be sorted into wet stage and dry stage meadows dependent on the seasons. In excess of 500 plant species have been recorded from Madayipara. 

The midland hillocks of northern Kerala have its own trademark botanical arrangement supporting clean wildernesses and cashew estates on the slope slants and prairies and related amphibian and semi-sea-going plants on the ridges. Despite the fact that these slopes are presented straightforwardly to the daylight and wind, they harbor rich species variety. Ongoing plant investigations uncovered more increases to the known plant types of the region some of which ended up being new to science, and endemic to the territory. The vegetation of the hillocks might be grouped fundamentally into prairies and clean wildernesses. The prairies can again be classified into wet stage and dry stage meadows dependent on the seasons.

Fields 

Fields of Kerala have been grouped into two kinds i.e., Low rise meadows and high height prairies. The prairies on the laterite slopes of north Malabar are ordered under low rise dry fields, portrayed by noteworthy variety. This sort of common field is the trademark highlight of the laterite slopes of Kozhikode, Kannur, Kasaragod regions and the lower portions of Wayanad locale. These meadows are exceptionally occasional and sprinkled with other herbaceous plants and scour wildernesses. In excess of 50 types of grasses were recorded from Madayipara slopes, a lot more leftover to be completely distinguished. The normal grass species are the Eragrostis uniloides, Ischaemum indicum, Heteropogon contortus, Pennisetum polystachyon, Cynodon dactylon and species having a place with the genera Arundinella, Dimeria, Panicum, Themeda, and so on Types of Arundinella structure the commonest grasses during the long stretches of October and November. The pinkish inflorescence of these grasses causes the territory to show up as though consumed blended to a great extent with green shades. As indicated by Agarwal (1961), Arundinella structure a higher stage in the progression. So it tends to be securely expressed that Arundinella grasses address a higher stage in prairie advancement in the zones where they happen. 

Ongoing plant investigations uncovered some more new types of grasses from the laterite slopes of north Malabar (Sreekumar and Nair, 1991), 11 out of 37 endemic grasses of Kerala are accounted for from this sort of area. Accordingly, these hillocks are detached environmental specialties of preservation significance. Notwithstanding, a definite record of the species affiliation is inadequate. Grasses control disintegration, and a few animal categories are notable for their rich grain esteem. At the point when the storm retreats, the neighborhood individuals begin cutting grasses for use as feed for their dairy cattle. A little plot, containing a thick development of Themeda and different types of grasses brings about rupees 3,000 for each season for a landowner. 

The Wet Phase 

The main fall of southwest storm during late May or early June animates the germination of seeds and the development of yearly plants. The primary gatherings of plants seen are Neanotis spp., Eriocaulon spp. also, grasses, trailed by insectivorous plants, for example, Utricularia spp. what's more, Drosera indica that overwhelm the land. The dark blue blossoms of Utricularia and white bloom heads of Eriocaulon and Rhamphicarpa in a real sense paint the entire level in shades of blue, violet and white, in the midst of herbaceous plants, for example, Sopubia trifida, Lindernia, Polygala elongata, Justicia japonica, Leucas sp. furthermore, a few others. The shallow despondencies loaded up with water oblige plants, for example, Blyxa, Nymphoides krishnakesara, Marsilea minuta, Cryptocoryne spiralis, Rotala malampuzhensis, Rotala malabarica and lsoetes coromandelina. The scantily disseminated south Indian endemic Chamaesyce katrajensis (syn. Euphorbia katrajensis) can likewise be seen during this stage on the laterite rocks. 

Following the retreat of south west storm, during September, a large portion of the early showing up plants offer approach to others, for example, Celosia argentea, Sesamum orientale and grasses, for example, Arundinella spp., Dimeria spp., Ischaemum indicum, Panicum spp., and so on which overwhelm hence. The wealth of grasses can be seen during this period. The wet stage keeps going up to the furthest limit of November. 

The Dry Phase 

More grounded twists during the period of January and the immediate rate of daylight upgrade the evaporating cycle of the verdure of Madayipara. Most of the herbaceous plants evaporate aside from some grass species and the prickly Lepidagathis keralaensis, which may stay spread everywhere on the rough areas of the slope. The silver shaded, Polycarpaea corymbosa can likewise seen against the dark surfaces of the stones.

Scour Jungles 

The scour wildernesses structure the defensive front of the inclines of the slopes. The thick forest adjoining the earth mining site is one of the significant vegetation patches of this hillock. The evergreen timberland species, for example, Hydnocarpus pentandra, Holigrna arnottiana, Cinnamomum sp. are found around there. Ficus arnottiana one of the trademark fig tree of this sort of biological system is found in the southwestern piece of the Plateau. The tree is privately called Kallarayal (Malayalam meaning - Peepal Tree of rocks). Other fig species, for example, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, Ficus racemosa, Ficus tinctoria, Ficus exasperata and Ficus hispida additionally support huge number of frugivorous birds and bats during their fruiting season. The little forests of Ixora coccinea, Ziziphus oenoplia, Ziziphus rugosa and thick clusters of Calycopteris flouribunda offer shelter to an enormous number of little creatures and birds as well as giving nectar to butterflies and different bugs during their blooming season. The woodland abiding types of Stereospermum colais is one of the significant miracles of this woody territory, with its enormous white blossoms sprouting during November and December. A huge tree of Careya arborea arranged in the compound of the traveler home likewise support an enormous number of creatures like bats, birds, butterflies, and so on 

Uncommon and jeopardized Plants 

The geological and climatical highlights made Madayipara and the nearby laterite hillock framework in supporting an exceptional collection of animal varieties. It is the home of some extraordinary and inadequately circulated endemic plants, for example, Nymphoides krishnakesara (Joseph and Sivarajan, 1990), Rotala malabarica (Pradeep et al., 1990), Justicia ekakusuma (Pradeep et al., 1991), Lepidagathis keralensis (Madhusoodanan and Singh, 1992), Eriocaulon madayiparense, (Swapna et al., 2012), Lindernia madayiparense (Narayanan et al., 2012), Eriocaoulon cheemenianum Biju et al. (2012), Coelachene madayensis Pramod and Pradeep (2012), Parasopubia hofmannii Pradeep and Pramod (2012), P. hoffmanii var. albiflora Pradeep and Pramod (2012), Eriocaulon gopalakrishnanum Rashmi and Krishnakumar (2013), Fimbristylis pokkudaniana Sunil et al. (2016) and Chrysopogon narayaniae Sunil et al. (2017). 

Nymphoides krishnakesara is a little water lilly show up during the wet stage in the little pools and lakes on the level. Rotala malabarica is a semi-oceanic plant seen to a great extent in the impermanent pools. Justicia ekakusuma (Pradeep et al., 1991), appropriately named as a result of its temperament of bloom, is uncommon and found in the rough edges of the level. Lepidagathis keralensis (Madhusoodanan and Singh, 1992) portrayed interestingly from this area and blossoms during the dry stage. It is seen that the quantity of Justicia ekakusuma has been declining definitely throughout the long term, while other recently depicted species remain consistently appropriated. Eriocaulon madayiparense , fills in brief pools or wet regions during the wet stage. 

Chamaesyce katrajensis (which presently incorporates Euphorbia katrajensis var. kasaragodensis), is an endemic species initially depicted from the comparable living spaces of Katraja slopes of Maharashtra. The excellent little yellowish to pinkish blossoms of this species is seen during the wet stage. This plant is ineffectively disseminated and people of the species can be seen on the raised bits of rocks. Without a doubt, not very many people of this species are found in Madayipara. Curuma oligantha is another trademark plant found in the laterite territories during the wet stage. It presently incorporates plants depicted by Ansari et al. (1982) as Curcuma cannanorensis var. cannanorensis and var. lutea. It is likewise known from parts of Southern India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. It additionally shows up following the primary shower of the storm. Plus, the bounty of insectivorous plants, for example, Drosera indica and Utricularia spp. merit referencing. 

Out of 670 species known from the Madayippara (Pramod et al. 2017), more than 60 are Peninsular Indian endemics; of which 24 are tight endemics of Kerala, kept to the laterite hillocks. Sevan species are Indian endemics and 28 species are known from bound to Peninsular Indian and Sri Lanka and 13 species to Indian area and Sri Lanka. The presence of endemic species having a place with different danger classes, for example, Hopea ponga, Capparis rheedei, Eriocaulon cuspidatum and Neanotis rheedei are additionally demonstrate the preservation meaning of the zone. Another fascinating plant of this area is the uncommon lycophyte, Isoetes coromandelina found close to the transitory pools of Madayipara during the wet stage. It was once broadly dispersed in the wetlands and paddy fields of Kerala, yet getting uncommon because of changes in the territories. Ophioglossum species like  costatum,  nudicale . gramineum are likewise appropriated meagerly and show up during the wet stage. 

The wet period of the Laterite hillocks is the more dynamic as far as the presence of plant and creatures (Jafer Palot and Radhakrishnan, 2005). An examination of the natural range delights the way that, lion's share of the herbaceous individuals shows up alongside the principal showers, thrive during the rainstorm season, total their life cycle towards the finish of the stormy prepare and go into the torpid stage by shedding their organic products/seeds or as rhizomes. The dry stage is portrayed by the presence of profoundly adjusted, xerophytic plants like Lepidagathis, Chamaesyce, and so on They may stay new somewhat of the late spring season, and may evaporate leaving the perpetual rootstock. 

Preservation 

The laterite hillock framework has been confronting genuine threat of corruption throughout the long term. Most piece of the midland hillocks had been changed over to ranches, building locales, limiting destinations, and so forth The unpredictable digging for laterite and soil wrecking the hillocks had been seriously compromised the actual presence of the biota, culture and furthermore the water accessibility in the majority of the territories. The Madayippara and its contiguous hillocks are likewise not an exemption. The digging for the 'china earth' has been making serious harm the framework. It was emphatically restricted because of the positive mediation by the overall population somewhat. Be that as it may, such activities are going on in different zones. There was a proposition to mine the whole hillock of Madayippara for the lignite stores. Notwithstanding, it was not at this point executed because of the weighty dissent from the overall population. 

The biological and social estimations of the laterite hillocks of the northern Kerala have not been got the due weightage it merits. Dominant part of the overall population is least made a big deal about its special and rich biodiversity. The Madayippara and its environs made due over these years, by supporting its rich social and natural highlights. Notwithstanding, it involves extraordinary worries that, regardless of whether it could proceed in saving its element, without getting dire protection measures. The pace of contamination is high over these years. It incorporates squanders, for example, from the vehicles, unloading of a wide range of squanders from house hold trash to plastic and mechanical garbage, and so on The guests likewise contribute their offer by unloading plastic, jars of beverages, bottles, and so on 

The absence of mindfulness is the significant justification the pitiful state of this kind of remarkable biological system, which upholds numerous endemic species. The neighborhood managerial bodies could do a ton in preserving this framework. Embracing preservation practices, for example, bringing it under the insurance of a local area save just could save the Madayippara and its environs from corruption. Notwithstanding its high picturesque magnificence and biological qualities, its authentic importance and rich social legacy additionally make it an ideal site to be conserved for the future.